Jane Austen, an English noveli... free essay sample

Jane Austen, an English writer generally perceived for her six significant books, reasonably investigates a few issues in English society, building plots with a specific spotlight on womens persecutions and sex jobs. Oscar Wilde, an Irish artist, dramatist just as a representative of aestheticism, also incites the customary thoughts of sex and sexual orientation in his general public through his inventive works. This paper will endeavor to examine, to what degree do abstract works challenge the sexual or sex standards of their own occasions and social orders and what structures and strategies are conveyed in such a test in four principle subjects: instruction, power elements, marriage, and aestheticism in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen and The Importance of being Earnest by Oscar Wilde, both distributed in the nineteenth century. During the Victorian Era men and womens jobs and practices in British society were very much characterized. Much separated from the prior hundreds of years when ladies were permitted to help in the privately-owned company while additionally going to their residential obligations, the nineteenth century kept their day by day obligations to directing the local obligations, presently for the most part completed by workers. We will compose a custom paper test on Jane Austen, an English noveli or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Ladies, be that as it may, got a training as a groundwork for their job of Angel in the House. This involves to the arrangement of the jobs of the two genders. It underpins that the spouse is the leader of the family unit and the ethical pioneer of the family while the wife is to satisfy the job of a household paragon. Rather than pulling in a spouse through their local capacities, working class young ladies were acquainted with achievements. In Pride and Prejudice, Caroline Bingley, a marginally haughty character, unhesitatingly records the normal degree of aptitudes required by any youngster who views herself as cultivated: A lady must have an intensive information on music, singing, drawing moving, and the advanced dialects, to merit the world; what's more this, she should have a specific something in her air and way of strolling, the tone of her voice, her location and articulations, or the word will be nevertheless half merited (1813, p39). As Miss Bingley stresses, it was significant for an accomplished young lady to relax her savviness with an agile and female way and not dedicate themselves also energetically to scholarly interests and thusly undermining mens regular scholarly predominance. The Importance of Being Earnest correspondingly features the criticalness of an extensive degree of female training. Miss Prism, Cecilys senator, is shown as a developed lady. Oscar Wilde endeavors to hilariously and shrewdly speak to the confinements of instructed ladies who regardless of their favorable circumstances, needed to acknowledge the simple occupation of a tutor. Miss Prisms second occupation is novel composing she even composed a three-volume novel. The way that she confounded an infant and a composition, represents the disarray of sexual orientation jobs as ladies began to esteem their scholarly limit and evidently disregard their families. In addition, Wilde, utilizing the component of satire and incongruity to chal lenge the sex standards of the Victorian time, composes the expressions of Lady Bracknell, training produces no impact (2018, p12) which express the restricted rights ladies had in instruction, and compares with the male job she speaks to. Both Jane Austen and Oscar Wilde utilized their characters to make incredible contention among societys guidelines. In the two works guys and females are permitted to pick their companions. In Pride and Prejudice Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth settled on their own choice to wed one another, the first doing combating against societys desires and the second, declining two recommendations to her moms alarm. In The Importance of Being Earnest the two couples of Jack and Gwendolen, Algernon and Cecily, in a like way choose to get hitched, until Lady Augusta Bracknell endeavors to forestall it. This prompts an astounding case of sex elements spoke to in the two works. James Thompson proposes, Prospective mates are picked as though they were objects, as though marriage itself isn't a connection between individuals, but instead expect, the phenomenal type of a connection between things (†¦) In Jane Austen, marriage is never completely spoken to as a foundation, but instead is spoken to just as an individual practice. .. Elizabeth was absolutely permitted to deny Mr. Collins while then again, her dad was clearly ready to constrain her into wedding him. Her through and through freedom is likewise obvious when he advises her, his feeling doesnt matter as long as she adores Mr. Darcy: We all know [Mr. Darcy] to be a glad, horrendous kind of man; however this would be nothing in the event that you truly enjoyed him†¦ I have given him my consent†¦ I currently offer it to you†¦ (1996, p356). Now, its completely evident that Mrs. Bennet was the one fixated on offering her girls and giving them the help of a decent spouse. Woman Augusta Bracknell, reflecting Victorian high society pessimism, demonstrates comparable attributes to Mrs. Bennets, as she thinks about marriage as a coalition of property and backing. Her better half gives off an impression of being missing of most events, which gives her a ground-breaking, controlling and requesting job, evident in the third demonstration where she is the one making questions and as it appears, the just one having the right answer. In any case, not just Lady Bracknell inverts the sexual orientation job generalizations by controlling the other gender. In the play, Cecily and Gwendolyn have a discussion about male home life, communicating the conviction that home appears to me to be the best possible circle for the man. A significant note would be that Gwendolyn respects Ernest in a more blameless manner than Cecily does Algernon. The pair twists the guidelines of regular profound quality as they cooperate under no management without chaperones. In Pride and Prejudice Lydia Bennets offensive conduct as she escape with Wickham carried disgrace to her family and however Cecily did nothing of the sort, the two ladies tested the traditional thoughts of sex and sex. Sexual relations with only one parent present were carefully taboo. In volume I, Chapter 14 of Austens book, the Bennet family is said to claim a duplicate of Sermons for Young Women by James Fordyce. Fordyce, teaches ladies to follow a specific conduct and way of life that does exclude discarding themselves to man they are not hitched to. Similarly, in Oscar Wildes play Mrs. Crystal, while having a discussion with Dr. Chasuble about marriage, advices him to wed on the grounds that as indicated by her words, an unmarried man is either an enticement or a womanthrope. Marriage, clearly, was a urgent part of a womans life. As Le Faye says, Respectable young ladies could have no calling with the exception of marriage, subsequently young ladies were relied upon to wed as quickly as time permits after they made their introduction into society in their late youngsters. The two works however, propose that marriage is as significant for ladies for what it's worth for men. The principal line of Pride and Prejudice peruses how It is a fact generally recognized, that a solitary man possessing a favorable luck, must be in need of a spouse (1813, p.1). That renowned line presents one of the primary subjects of the book, the steady accentuation given on marriage. Upon Mr. Bingleys appearance, Mrs. Bennet is found in trouble. Her primary concern is for her little girls to subside into a marriage and Mr. Bingley seems, by all accounts, to be appropriate with his polite nature, to satisfy the job of a spouse. Now, the male sex is generalized under the unexpected tone of Jane Austens more profound truth. She scrutinizes societys inclination to abuse people, for the most part ladies, by driving upon them social desires, presently applying to the other gender; a solitary man will wed. The utilization of incongruity endeavors to underscore the purpose of the story, which challenges the sexual and sex standards of the staggering Victorian culture. What's more, the without a doubt high number of balls that the characters go to has its own motivation. In would like to blend with one another, people meet in an open and therefore controlled condition for the possibility of commitment, in some cases for their own advantage. For example, on account of Charlotte and Mr. Collins, she is anxious to improve her economic wellbeing. Could the perspectives on marriage in the mid nineteenth century be opposing between social desires and love? The customary thoughts of sex and sex are extraordinarily tested in the two books in various ways. Not just concentrating on the scholarly interests and the accepted practices, we are furnished with characters who bolster their own convictions and mellow progressive thoughts, by the way their methodology of aestheticism. In Pride and Prejudice Fitzwilliam Darcy is portrayed as fine, tall individual, attractive highlights, honorable manner (1813, p.12), attributes that repudiate his underlying conduct. In any case, as Mr. Darcy is end up being removed and private, its solitary consistent that he wouldnt decide to stand out with an intricate clothing. In her book, Austen reasonably depicts her characters, however talks little of their appearance. The epic relies more on discourse as opposed to portrayal, tending to Jane Bennet as the most wonderful Bennet sister and Elizabeth Bennet, the second. Obviously, the vibes of ladies would set a matter of correlation and assumed a significant job in sending them off to marriage. A significant figure in the development of aestheticism is no other than Oscar Wilde, who advocated the image of the dandy. The dandy, is a man who gives incredible and over the top consideration to his appearance just as his way of life, at the same time utilizing his shrewdness and devilishness in an enchanting manner to call attention to societys false reverence and twofold norms. The characters of Algernon and Jack are models o

The synthetic opiate Desomorphine also known as Krokodil Research Paper

The manufactured sedative Desomorphine otherwise called Krokodil - Research Paper Example Because of its pharmacologic qualities, desomorphine shows an expanded capability of causing high reliance. Against the scenery of starting potential instances of Krokodil use in Western Europe, it is basic to give data with respect to the grave impacts of Krokodil (Gahr, et al. 860). Desomorphine (C17H21NO2), known as dihydrodesoxymorphine was first blended in 1932 in United States of America. The goal of this blend was planned for giving an option in contrast to morphine as far as dependence properties, resistance an upgraded reaction profile. On the other hand, desomorphine couldn't accomplish the set targets. Actually, this manufactured sedative depicted enhanced reliance potential in contrast with morphine. Research on this medication have demonstrate that its pain relieving intensity is between 8 to multiple times higher that that of morphine. Furthermore, desomorphine shows a quick beginning of activity and a shorter half-life as far as end. Such properties of desomorphine may represent the raised addictive potential rather than morphine (Veilleux, et al 161). In the ongoing past, there have been radical events in the quantity of cases in maltreatment of engineered opiates that are delivered by handiwork procedures from codeine containing medications. Different over the counter tablets and medications provided at cost inviting costs can be utilized for the blend of such manufactured sedatives. These codeine containing drugs are exemplified by business names, for example, Codelac, Sedal-M and Codterpin. The aggregate sum of codeine in such medications is in the scope of 8-10 milligrams. Efficiently alluded to as 4, 5-ÃŽ ±-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3-ol, desomorphine is acquired from codeine containing tablets with the utilization of phosphorus and iodine. In contrast with codeine itself, this manufactured subordinate shows huge quality on effect on the body. Significant disadvantages are experienced in the portrayals of potential side-effects in

The Parents Guide to CPW

The Parent’s Guide to CPW At this point, the admission website must appear to be all about CPW, all the time and to a large extent our office is that way too. Were getting ready to welcome the prefrosh and their parents to four days of events on our campus and were thrilled that so many of you will be here to enjoy the weekend with us. Each one of us in the Admissions Office has a particular group of programs that we are involved with and mine is parent programs so Im probably the most logical choice to talk about what the weekend has in store for that set of guests. But before I do that here are some thoughts on making this an enjoyable weekend. The first question I often hear from parents is, what events should I attend with my child? In truth, there wont be very many of them if you are each doing what interests you the most. With nearly 700 options over the few days, there are lots of things to choose from and parents will probably not want answers to the same questions that students will. That said, its important to check in occasionally so Id suggest you pick an event where you can meet up with your student each day (perhaps the Chancellors Welcome on Friday and the Closing Variety Show on Saturday) but mostly I hope you will encourage them “do their own thing” and know that its good for you to do the same. It’s the best way for them to figure out if they are comfortable and at home on our campus and the best way for you to be comfortable with them being here. I hope you’ll ask lots of questions. It’s the way our students learn and will work well for you too. Current students are great resources so don’t be afraid to ask them about their experiences. In addition weve enlisted the help of a great group of current students parents called Parent Connectors. Theyll be available throughout the weekend to address those issues that are most important to you, the parent, so dont be afraid to ask for their opinionsthey know exactly how you feel since they were asking those same questions just a year or so ago. A great place to find a parent to talk to would be in the Parent’s Hospitality Lounge. Grab a cup of coffee or tea and chat with current MIT parents as well as other parents of MIT prefrosh. Also, learn about the MIT Parents Association and the Parent Connector Network from current volunteers and staff. I hope you’ll be open-minded during your visit with us. While my parents did understand why I wanted to attend MIT, I’ll never forget the look on my mother’s face when I told her I was moving into a co-ed dorm. I was, after all, her little girl. We both enjoyed our time in college, but the experiences we had could not have been more different. I so appreciated the fact that she quickly realized that those differences were inevitable and that my MIT experience was the right one for me. Bring comfortable shoes and a jacket or sweater. Boston is a great walking city and I hope youll take some time to experience it. I was struck anew this morning when I noticed all the flowering trees in bloom in my neighborhood. I hope youll take some time to see the environs around MIT as well the campus itself and the best way to do that is on foot. Even just a short walk along the river can be a nice break from all the events of the day. Evenings can be cool here this time of year and it will even occasionally rainit is, after all, spring in New England which means just about anything could happen when it comes to weather. Have questions regarding your financial aid package or the financial aid process in general? Either get your questions answered immediately by the Financial Aid Counselor on-hand in the Student Center or schedule a 20-minute appointment to speak one-on-one with a Student Financial Services representative. On Friday there will be a Financial Aid Presentation. Parents and students are welcome to attend this program on the hows, whys and whens of financial aid at MIT how your financial aid award was determined, when your supplemental forms are due, how to pay your balance, how to find on-campus student employment, and how your online student account will work. Executive Director of Student Financial Services, Elizabeth Hicks, will address these issues and more, as well as answer your questions. But that is just the beginning Events Parent Welcome on Thursday night at 7:30 pm. Stu Schmill, Dean of Admissions and Donald Sadoway, John F. Elliott Professor of Materials Chemistry, will welcome the Class of 2014 parents to Campus Preview Weekend. Parent Reception with Parent Connectors and Alumni on Friday night at 5:00 pm. Sponsored by the MIT Parents Association and the MIT Club of Boston, this reception is your chance to meet and mingle with Parent Connectors, Educational Counselors and other MIT Alumni. The presenter will be Kim Vandiver 75, Dean for Undergraduate Research. Insight for Parents by Parents is Saturday morning at 8:30 am. A panel of current MIT parents will be on hand to share their insights and answer your questions. Sponsored by the MIT Parents Association. Parent Connector Saturday Night Drop-In After the closing variety show join us “Under the Great Dome for an informal gathering hosted by the Chair of the MIT Parent Connectors. Panels Sessions Residential Life at MIT Our on-campus residential community boasts residence halls, fraternities, sororities and independent living groups as well as a wide variety of dining services. Karen Nilsson, Senior Associate Dean for Residential Life, will lead a discussion covering life in residences, residential support offerings, activities, dining options, roommate matching and more. Come learn about all aspects of UROP at MIT, including how to participate, what type of research is appropriate, what to expect from the program, and more. Discussion will center on the experiences of the UROP student panel as moderated by UROP staff. Three Panels for Parents Learn about the many kinds of interactions that occur between students and faculty at MIT, and the wonderful collaborative environment in which they work and study together. Find out about the many ways students get involved in and lead campus activities and athletics that help to enhance areas of intellectual, personal and social development. From MIT Medical to Student Support Services and safety, MITs campus features a widespread and multi-layered care system for the mind, body and spirit. Open Houses Multiple open houses will be held over the weekend. These include areas relating to Medical Services, Careers Development, Hillel, Global Education (study abroad and more), Pre-Professional Advising (Pre-Med and more), departments, and housing. I’ve named just a handful of the events created with you in mind for CPW and it really is just the tip of the icebergto get a head start on your plans check out our nifty new CPW search feature http://mitcpw.mit.edu/. See you soon!

Human Nature in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now Essay

Human Nature in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now In Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness and Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now the reader learns more and more about human nature as Marlow, Captain Willard, go farther and farther up the river in search of Kurtz. An evil side lies within every man, but this evil remains repressed by society. When moving up the river and farther away from civilization, the evil side begins to break out. Whenever basically different cultures meet we are led to discover ourselves and can even drive us to perceived madness. Both stories are about Mans journey finding himself, and confronting his fears of failure, insanity, culture and even death. Marlow is an early version of Kurtz,†¦show more content†¦Similar events occur in Francis Coppolas Apocalypse Now, Captain Willard pushes farther up the river where the solitude from society and the destruction of war tamper with human nature. During the opening scene, Willard is shown in despair, going from America to war and back was too much for him to handle. He moved back to Saigon hoping to find himself. However he does not know his own true self until he discovers Colonel Kurtzs true nature. Throughout the movie, new characters are introduced showing differences in human nature due to the effects of war. For instance the helicopter commander no longer cares for human life anymore; he finds it all right to surf while his men are being killed. He is hardened by the war, meaning he shows no fear. Contrary to that the Chef lives in almost constant fear. With the river and surroundings becoming more and more uncivilized with every mile, he grows more and more afraid. Afraid for his life, afraid he should have joined the navy. Most human beings or at least Americans believe that the most technologically advanced races are the best. Yet a patrol boat armed to the teeth can not do anything against a few villagers with spears and arrows. When the chief of the boat dies from a spear, Captain Willards eyes are opened to t he horror he finds himself trapped in. Just as Marlows eyes were opened to the same horror when aShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Of Imperialism In Heart Of Darkness And Apocalypse Now830 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarity present in all 3 stories. In the Heart of Darkness European Imperialism and its’ cruelty is displayed, while in Apocalypse Now we see American Imperialism fighting the Vietnam War. Hearts of darkness also has some imperialism, but it is hidden in metaphors, showing ‘’imperialism’’ of human soul. Next, main protagonist is sent to explore ‘’the darkness’’, in Heart of Darkness it is Marlow, in Apocalypse now it is Willard and in the Hearts of Darkness it is director and Frencis Coppela’s wifeRead MoreSignificant Elements Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1326 Words   |  6 PagesConrad’s novella ‘Heart of Darkness’ are appropriated into Francis Ford Coppola’s film ‘Apocalypse Now’ in the setting of the jungles of Vietnam during the Vietnam War. As the title suggests, Conrad’s novel deeply explores the ‘darkness’ potentially inherent in people’s hearts. Heart of Darkness is set on the Congo River during the European occupation of Africa. Conrad explores the effect of exploitation on humanity. Similarly, Coppola’s film explores the metaphorical ‘darkness’ in Vietnam that causesRead More Comparative Essay of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now1050 Words   |  5 PagesComparative Essay of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now The ties between Joseph Conrads book, â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and Francis Coppolas movie, â€Å"Apocalypse Now† are unmistakable. Apocalypse Nows correctness in following the story line of the Heart of Darkness is amazing although the settings of each story are from completely different location and time periods. From the jungle of the Congo in Africa to the Nung river in Vietnam, Joseph Conrads ideals are not lost. In both the bookRead More The Vulnerability of Man Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nature dwarfs us. The jungle absorbs us. Struggling to survive in the middle of an enticing jungle, one truly challenges his own restraints to the temptation of the jungle – of the horror of an abyss which lies so closely beneath us. All of our days and ways are a fragile structure balanced agitatedly atop the hungry jaws of nature that will effortless devour us. A happy life is a daily amnesty from this knowledge. Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Francis Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now shareRead MoreIn Search of the Unknown: Apocalypse Now1584 Words   |  6 PagesIn Search of the Unknown Apocalypse Now is a film based on the story Heart of Darkness, written by Joseph Conrad. By analyzing the book, the readers do not just understand the theme and plot of the story, but also makes readers look back in the 19th century Colonialism and see how the world worked under Imperialism. 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Conrad wrote his novella during British colonization, focusingRead MoreA Renewed Sense Of Hopelessness : American Sentiment Following The Vietnam War1395 Words   |  6 PagesMy project is titled â€Å"A Renewed Sense of Hopelessness: American Sentiment Following the Vietnam War.† Since I’m interested in studying how film actively molded Americans’ interp retation of the Vietnam War, I picked Francis Ford Coppola’s film, Apocalypse Now, as my artifact. I thought that it would be a good choice because it’s one of the most well-known war films and it came out just a few years after the Vietnam War. This image from the beginning of the film shows napalm being dropped on the VietnameseRead More Varying Interpretations of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now2628 Words   |  11 PagesInterpretations of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now   Ã‚  Ã‚   The true meaning of varying interpretations comes alive when one compares the two film versions of Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now have the same basic outline and underlying themes, however the plots, characters, settings, time, purposes, and points of view differ enough to create two extremely different effects and two entirely opposite movies. Both movies depict an insanity: of man in Heart of DarknessRead MoreHuman Nature And The Desire For Superiority1565 Words   |  7 PagesHolly Donohoe Period B2 Human Nature and the Desire for Superiority It’s no doubt that superiority and power has played a huge role in the past present and will in the future. Throughout American Literature, it is a dominant trait in many protagonists and especially antagonists. The desirable trait has caused many conflicts and hardship and in turn, has led to the demise of a civilizations in the past. In the film Apocalypse Now, the novella the Heart of Darkness, and the poem The Hollow Men, it

The Military Discipline Free Essay Samples Diaries

The Military Discipline Free Essay Samples Diaries Experts have unique skills to create the best papers. You are able to learn more from the many military essay examples our experts have written before. If you would like to acquire far better idea about what the peculiarities of writing inside this subject field are, feel free to seek advice from our Applied sciences section. If you're looking for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service offered by fully qualified academics in your area of study. In order to get rid of any of the plagiarism problems, it's highly encouraged you do not utilize it for you own writing purposes. Before submitting an essay, check whether you enjoy the written portion of the work and prepare to wait around for the outcome. You will have to take the MUET examination. There's numerous essays completed by them. PaperCoach will be able to help you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! Military courtesy is displayed through a number of ways. Among the ways they demonstrate pride is via their dressing codes. We offer flexible system of discounts, but in addition our discount policy that permits you to conserve money on ordering essays at one time. Due to this most American residents still play at offshore sites. Discipline is something that you need to need to live a military life and be prosperous. Good rating and very good reviews should tell you everything that you need to understand about this excellent writing service. That type of activity usually takes around 4 hours each day. It's surprising how quickly comp points can accumulate! As a consequence, you get a terrific deal of free time and completed homework. To begin with, punctuality demonstrates how serious a man or woman is taking their job. Who Else Wants to Learn About Military Discipline Free Essay Samples? Order your authentic assignment from and you'll be astonished at how simple it is to finish a top quality custom paper within the shortest time possible! Moreover, they're in a better place to attain excellence in each of their tasks. Others might be set to have a task or chore done. Each has a distinctive function. The War Against Military Discipline Free Essay Samples Fantastic order and discipline is vital for an effective military. It is what holds units together in order to accomplish assigned missions. Military officers have various kinds of obligations. Respect helps officers in the little groups to recognize the worth of one another. A soldier has to be committed to the cause regardless of what the circumstances are. Anyway, the officers learn how to make the most out of every circumstance. The mandated ethics training in the many military arms are highly powerful in altering the attitude of individuals working inside them. You see a good deal of cases in were a soldier could possibly be yelled at, given counseling or some type of disciplinary action. Ok, I Think I Understand Military Discipline Free Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About Military Discipline Free Essay Samples! Without the urge to be honorable, a soldier can't come to be an expert. Police brutality causes an important concern in the modern society in the us and a resolution is imminent. Police Brutality Police Brutality is a continuous problem and existent concern in america and ought to be resolved immediat ely. Discipline is necessary for any soldier so as to be enlisted in the Military. Cohesion and cooperation among the soldiers are vital for the smooth operation of a military.

Buisness operations Free Essays

string(39) " done quickly and in a timely fashion\." Dealing with banking problems is a hassle for any individual, especially for those who are involved with the business sector. Transactions come and go and money is fast, banks cannot afford to fail. Banks are offering the services of Personal Banking Consultants, specially designed for individuals who do not wish to deal with meager problems such as invalid pin codes or name changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Buisness operations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though these problems are not serious, they require time to sort out. The use of a PBC come with perks for business people and proves to be a worthy investment. The following case discusses a client’s experience with a PBC. There were inherent problems with the bank company that the PBC was able to assist the clients through. The clients went through numerous problems and delays in changing accounts. Wrong names, invalid pins, existing accounts, and long delays were said to be a common occurrence. The real issue did not come from the PBC, rather from the company itself. The banking company utilizes agency staff, or contracted workers for some of their operations. Though this is beneficial to the financial status of a company because of the easy access to labor and the affordable cost of hiring agency staff, it also has inherent risks and downsides. What were the gaps between customers’ expectations and perceptions in the process described? In the case, the clients were burdened by the changes with their previous bank in the south. Two accounts were being used, one for business and one for personal use, each with different offices and different numbers. The location of the bank was also a problem because of a change of residency of the clients. Due to these factors, the client chose to switch the northern bank. The presence of the Personal Banking Consultant at the northern bank helped persuade the client to switch banks. It is important to note that the process of switching banks involved numerous intricacies, such as the change of cheque books, credit cards, standing orders, and debit instructions. The gap between customer specification and operation specification seems to be a match. The bank offers their services to the clients, along with the bonuses of the package which the client chose. These included preferential interest rates, free annual travel insurance, a reward scheme, a â€Å"golden† credit card, and the services of the PBC. We can assume that the clients have fulfilled the requirements to apply for membership and enjoy the rewards. The gap between quality specification and the actual quality of the service or product is one of the most important gaps in the case. This type of gap, as stated by Reuber and Fisher (2005), shows the marketed specifications of the good or service, what it should provide and the benefits of its use, and compares it to the actual specifications of the good. Cleary, there is a gap between these two in this case. Sue was clearly aware of the problems that plagued the company, yet presented these to the clients as simple â€Å"computer problems†. This is the case of marketing the specifications of the service to be better than the original. She did, however, admit that the problems were caused by the agency staff. The decision to cover the reality of the situation was a risky move by Sue. The clients did not withdraw from the offer and became members, a successful deal for the bank. However, the reputation of the bank has been severely tarnished. The clients were very dissatisfied with the process of transferring, and this has left an initial impression on their mind. Though there have been no problems beyond the transfer process, another mistake on the bank’s part will remind them of the initial problems that they faced. The gap between the actual quality and the communicated image of the service matched. This gap explains the difference between the qualities of service that the customers are expecting against the actual quality (Beckford, J. , 2002, pp. 145-150). The clients already had a bad experience with their previous bank and know that the transfer of accounts is a very tedious process. They acknowledged this difficulty in choosing to transfer, and the bank did not hide this fact from them. However, they were assured that the process would go smoothly, which we know was not the case. How were the customers’ expectations influenced from the outset? The idea of transferring accounts was not initially welcomed by the clients. They had a negative experience with their previous bank, with impersonal call handling because of outsourcing, the lack of access to their assistant bank manager, and the complication of having two accounts under different telephone numbers and offices. Under the circumstances that they face, any better alternative would have been welcome. The clients’ previous experience has affected their perception of consumer expectation. Consumers generally want to have faster service, convenience in both application and usage, flexibility in payment options and other packages, and helpful customer policies. This type of consumer expectation is formed thru the wants of the client. In reality, what consumers want does not necessarily equate to what they expect to receive. This is called the customer expectation paradox. Real consumer expectations are formed thru experience in the marketplace (Lucas, J. , 2006, pp. 137-144). A real life example of the paradox is a visit to a dentist. Customers want to be served quickly and immediately, no waiting lines, timely appointments, and available dentists at hand. However, the expectation of the reality in the office is different. Customers know that they will have to wait in line, that they will not be served immediately, and that the availability of the dentist may be in question. The same can be said for the case, as the clients know from experience that the process of transfer is a very hassling endeavor. The clients want to have no problems regarding the transfer – that no errors are made, that everything is done quickly and in a timely fashion. You read "Buisness operations" in category "Papers" The experience of the clients tells them that this is not the reality, leading them to expect that their wants will not be fully satisfied. The clients did not have high expectations for the replacement bank; they were simply in search for a way to ease the burden of their previous bank. The package that was offered to them was a factor that influenced their decision. The assurance that the process will go smoothly also led to their expectations to be affected. When Sue informed the clients that everything will be handled by the company and that the clients will not experience any hassle, this significantly affected their expectations. What aspects of the bank’s service quality specification have been revealed to the customer? Are these reasonable for such an account? The prime concern of bank customers is to be served conveniently without any errors or problems. Such complications cause consumers to lose loyalty with the bank and eventually lead to them leaving and searching for other service providers. In order to gain consumer trust, which is vital to service oriented businesses such as banks, firms show their focus on quality specification. In the case, the source of one of the problems of the bank is the outsourcing of several operations to agency staff. This was revealed to the clients by their bank consultant at the end of their transfer process. The company alone cannot meet the demands of the customers, thus the use of agency staff to fill the gap. This is a good decision for the bank, as agency staffing provides the company with flexibility because of the ease of hiring new staff and the availability of a wide variant of employees. Agency staffing is also more cost-effective in terms of employment since these employees do not require extensive training and are not a liability to the hiring company (Huffman, L. , 2008. ). The use of agency staffing does have some drawbacks, such as the employees’ lack of loyalty for the company. Since they are often not considered to be part of the main team, temporary employees have little incentive to be loyal. Lastly, cheap agency staffing may be less efficient compared to trained employees. Although errors cannot be avoided in operations, especially with agency staffing, it is not an appropriate reason for the clients to be burdened. Sue has pointed that this has been the reason for the errors in the clients’ transfer process. While the agency staffing may pose as a problem to the clients, it is significantly worsened by the practices of the bank consultants. Sue, as an example, continued to press clients to accept packages and offers even if she is aware of the problems that the staff is experiencing. This action allows the company to meet their quotas; however it has severe repercussions on the clients. It was been visible to the clients that such transactions happen even if the bank cannot sufficiently deliver some of the services involved. This suggests serious problems with the bank’s coordination between departments, and among the clients. It is also clear that the bank suffers from capacity management, that the agency staff are either underperforming or the bank is understaffed. Evaluate Sue’s reaction to the problems at every stage. Was the bank’s service recovery successful? Before the transfer process began, Sue faced the problem of the clients coming from a previous bank where they had a negative experience with. The clients were initially against transferring banks, mainly because of the hassle of having to change card info, cheque books, credit, and others included in their personal and business accounts. Upon sharing this problem with their personal banking consultant, Sue assured the clients that all the details will be processed by the computer in a week. She also stated that with the level of technology that the bank is using, the clients would simply have to fill out a few forms and wait for seven days. She was successful in dealing with the clients’ concerns with the decision of the clients to utilize the bank’s services. The first problem that the clients encountered was the late chequebook. They were told that all the required materials would be delivered in a week; however the last chequebook came in six days late. Though Sue was not informed of this problem, the clients did receive a welcome package from Sue consisting of information regarding the services the bank offers, notification that the accounts are active. The messages were written in a personal manner to improve customer relationship. The welcoming package may possibly be the standard operating procedure of the company; however this act serves as a way to make the clients feel that they are part of the company. Upon receiving the chequebooks, there was an error with the names for both the business and current account cheques of the clients. Sue apologized for the mishap, and informed the clients that new cards will be issued for them, and that PBC cards are given special priority. Sue had also given the clients an alternative, that the former cards could be used since they were linked to the existing accounts. The credit cards arrived a day after, with the names correctly spelled. Sue’s reaction to the clients’ problem was done well and provided in a speedy manner. The errors were fixed quickly and Sue suggested a temporary workaround to the problem. Though the name mishap was solved swiftly, the clients experienced another problem with the personal identification numbers (PIN) of their cards. The said PINs did not arrive with the credit cards, making them inaccessible. When the clients informed Sue of this, Sue relayed that PINs arrive several days after the cards because of security reasons. She also assured the clients that the PINS will arrive along with the cheque guarantee cards. The PLC’s reaction to the clients’ concerns was a standard customer reply. The PLC simply informed the clients that there was no error, and that the process was going as planned. After a week, the clients had received the guarantee cards. However, these had the names misspelled similar to the first batch of cards. The PINs for the other cards have also not yet arrived. Sue was informed of this and was surprised with the delay. According to her, the PINs were sent 5 days ago and suggested that it may have been lost in the post. She confirmed this after a while, informing the clients that the cards have to be reissued for security purposes, and that the new cards will have a new PIN code. Again, Sue suggested the temporary use of the old cards. With the increasing occurrence of errors, Sue had been very apologetic regarding the problems that the clients were facing. The new PINs and cards had arrived 3 days after, the time limit that Sue had set for the revised cards. However, the clients faced another problem with the PINs because they were being rejected. The new PIN codes were for the old cards, and the new cards did not have their codes yet. The whole mess was sorted out after 4 days, and the card company sent a personal letter of apology regarding the problems that the clients faced. A bouquet of flowers had also arrived for the clients. Their PLC, Sue, also called to ensure that there were no more problems. The clients were also given leather holders for their cards and chequebooks. These actions show that the company was trying to please the clients by offering gifts in order to ensure that client satisfaction. It is clear that Sue had done everything in her power to solve the problems of the clients. Sue herself did not suffer from any errors; rather the mistakes took place within the system itself. Sue was successful in appeasing the clients, and no problems occurred after the events, thus restoring customer satisfaction. What costs have been created by these problems, and how do they compare with the underlying costs and root cause of the problem? The main costs that the problem has created have been those to the customer, to the bank, and to Sue. The costs that the clients had incurred came in the form of inconvenience and time. The original agreement was that the clients would have everything ready within a week, however after the delays and errors the clients had fully finished the transfer process after 25 days, 18 days after the original deadline. The psychic costs that the delays caused also affected the client. In addition to that, the clients were embarrassed due to a mishap with their former credit cards and cheques, which would have not occurred if the process of transferring went smoothly. The bank had also suffered losses due to the errors. The cost of the reproduction and reissuing the cards and chequebooks and the cost of delivery of these products are taken by the company. The numerous errors have also caused customer satisfaction to decrease. This is a cost to the company because the clients’ experiences with their bank show the quality of service that is provided. If there are complaints that stem from errors and delays, the bank’s reputation is negatively affected. The root cause of the problems comes from the system management of the bank’s operations. The hiring of agency staff shows that the bank cannot support the services demanded by the operations alone. The performance errors of the agency staff suggest that the bank is understaffed, or the hired staff is underperforming. There is also a lack of communication between the departments within the company. Customer revisions are not communicated efficiently to the card issuing company, thus causing errors in PIN codes and credit cards. Lastly, the company suffers from poor target setting. The bank aims to meet the demands of clients within a specified timeframe, yet their operating staff cannot meet these deadlines. CONCLUSION The bank suffers from multiple mistakes in their system organization and management. If left unsolved, they will be operating at a sub-optimal level and experience multiple losses. Clients will choose to use the services of other banks. The costs that the errors and delays bring upon the company hamper growth and decrease revenue. The changes required to solve the management problems of the company are costly and hard to achieve. The short-term recovery procedures used are also costly and prove to be an inconvenience for both the clients and the bank. These can only alleviate the problems, but not completely solve them. The main issue that has to be settled is the long-term plans of the bank to solve their problems. In the end, we cannot always just call Sue. REFERENCES Beckford, J. (2002) Quality. 2nd ed. London, Routledge. pp. 145-150. Huffman, L. (2008) The Pros and Cons of Using an Employment Agency for Temporary Staff. [Internet], OfficeArrow LLC. August 26. Available from: http://www. officearrow. com/home/articles/the_officearrow_career_center/human_resources_and_job_search/p2_articleid/523/p142_id/523/p142_dis/2 [Accessed May 2009]. Lucas, J. (2006) Broaden the Vision and Narrow the Focus: Managing in a World of Paradox. Westport CT, Praeger. pp. 137-144 Reuber, A. R. Fischer E. (2005) The Company You Keep: How Young Firms in Different Competitive Contexts Signal Reputation through Their Customers. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 29, p. 1. How to cite Buisness operations, Papers

The clat of a great achievement Essay Example For Students

The clat of a great achievement Essay Joanne had a serious decision to make now that she was once again settled down in a two-room apartment. She wanted to continue Harry Potter, but she needed money to support her child. To her dismay Rowling ended up living entirely on public assistance (welfare). Rowling abhorred the idea of being forced to live on charity. As Rowling visited her friend who had just had a baby, she couldnt help but cry as she noticed that her friends child had a large room full of toys, while her daughters playthings were snugly fit within a single shoebox. We will write a custom essay on The clat of a great achievement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Writing Sorcerers Stone was tough with a baby, and whenever Rowling could get Jessica to sleep, she would rush to a nearby cafi , and hurriedly write a few chapters, often rewriting the same chapters until she decided she had to move on. The cafi employees and manager did not take kindly to Rowlings intrusion in their coffee shop, for she would buy a single cup of tea as she longhand wrote her novel for hours. Luckily, with the opening her brother-in-laws cafi , Rowling was able to write in peace and in 1995, finished the first copy of her novel. After the completion of her manuscript she began to type it on an inexpensive manual typewriter. She struggled to finish typing and even wrote her novel in the computer labs at the college where she was taking her teaching classes. In the end, she worriedly noted that her novel was twice the length of a regular childrens novel. She set off to find a job now that she once again had free-time on her hands, and soon began teaching French. She sent two copies of her manuscript to various researched publishers but was rejected by all of them. She tried again, this time sending her manuscript to an agent by the name of Christopher Little. However, her copy instead reached Bryony Evans, the office manager. After reviewing the first three chapters, the company agreed to represent Rowling. Right away they sent copies of the book to twelve various publishing houses, all of which rejected it. They continued to try and find a publisher and a year later success was at hand. Rowling received a letter of acceptance from editor Barry Cunningham from the small publisher Bloomsbury. The decision to take Rowling on was due to the eight year old daughter of the companys chairman who insisted on reading the rest of the book after receiving the first chapter. Rowling was immensely satisfied at finally getting published and did not care that writing childrens books would not be a very profitable career. After the publication Rowling received an i 8000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing. In June 1997, Bloomsbury published merely five thousand copies of Philosophers Stone, and most of them were sent to libraries, however, those first copies are now prized greatly by collectors around the world, and are valued over fifteen thousand dollars. In America, the rights to publish the novel were being auctioned and Scholastic Inc. came out the winner, buying the right to the novel for over one hundred thousand dollars. News which blew Rowlings mind. In October of 1998 Scholastic published Rowlings novel under the new title; Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. Soon news of Rowlings fantasy novel spread throughout the world and with it Rowlings fame. Rowling won numerous prizes and honorary awards from her series including: Nestli Smarties Book Prize; British Book Award for Childrens Book of the Year; Childrens Book Award. In December of 1999, Rowling having finished the second book, published the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, and once more won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to ever be awarded the Smarties Prize three times in a row. Her fame reached such a height that she felt it would only be right to withdraw her fourth novel, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire from the running to give other authors a chance. Rowlings awards did not end there however, in January 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban won the first Whitbread Childrens Book of the Year award ever given out. .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a , .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a .postImageUrl , .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a , .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a:hover , .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a:visited , .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a:active { border:0!important; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a:active , .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u167ddedfb8eccb163129164edfc75e7a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Contemporary American Poetry is Representative EssayRowling did lose the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaneys translation of Beowulf. That same year, in June, the Queen of England honored Rowling by dawning her as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. Rowlings novels have broken sales records, even being noted as the fastest selling books in history. The speed and amount of money at which Rowlings books sold is greater than that of any blockbuster film. A Guinness World Records Award was given to Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince for being the fastest selling book ever. Despite her great wealth Rowling constantly cares for those in desperate need for aid and help. She has contributed greatly to society through various charitable causes. A popular charity being Comic Relief in which she wrote two catalogues relating to the Wizarding world in her novels: Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, both of these books were mentioned in the Harry Potter series and so she even went as far as to write under the names of Newt Scamander and Kennilworthy Whisp each being the author of one of the catalogues. The books grossed over fifty million dollars and she even contributed a separate twenty-two million to the organization as well. J. K. Rowling is currently married to Neil Murray, an anesthetist, and lives in an estate in Perth and Kinross, Scotland with their three children: their daughter Jessica, their son David and Rowlings youngest child, Mackenzie. Rowling has lived in many different places, suffered tragedy and experienced success. As we look closer at her works we see how her life has been exemplified by her works. Rowling draws her readers through ha fascinating storyline, through the world she created. True, the Harry Potter series may not be noted as a great lyrical work, such as Tolkeins fantasy, Lord of the Rings; however, what Rowling lacks in her style she indisputably makes up with her content. The twists near the end of every chapter, ever book, keep the reader on an edge. The witty humor is cleverly placed to break the gloom and darker moments of the series. Rowling is unquestionably a master storyteller, and though some may compare her works to others and decide them to be a poor display of literature; must an author create a flawless epic to be noted as a worthy read? Works Cited Gray, Paul. The Magic of Potter. Time. com, 17 December 2000 http://www. time. com/time/poy2000/mag/rowling. html. Fialkoff, Francine. Potter for Parents. Library Journal 15 October 1999: Contemporary Literary Criticism. Literary Resource Center, East Islip High School, Islip Terrace, NY. 12 January 2007 http://www. esboces. org/SLS/vrc. cfm. Kakutani, Michiko. Harry Potter Works His Magic Again in a Far Darker Tale New York Times 16 July 2005: Contemporary Literary Criticism. Literary Resource Center, East Islip High School, Islip Terrace, NY. 12 January 2007 http://www. esboces. org/SLS/vrc. cfm. Rowling Kathleen, Joanne. J. K. Rowling Official Site. Lightmaker. 15 January 2007 http://www. jkrowling. com/textonly/en/biography. cfm. Fraser, Lindsey. Conversations With J. K. Rowling. London: Scholastic Inc. , 2000. Ward, S. Meet J. K. Rowling. New York: PowerKids Press, 2001. Chippendale, Lisa A. Triumph of the Imagination : the Story of Writer J. K. Rowling. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2002. Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. New York: Scholastic Publishing Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. New York: Scholastic Publishing Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. New York: Scholastic Publishing Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. New York: Scholastic Publishing Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. New York: Scholastic Publishing Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. New York: Scholastic Publishing J. K. Rowling. Wikipedia. 10 February 2007. 15 January 2007 ;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/J. _K. _Rowling; .

Business Economics Solutions Mba Essays

Business Economics Solutions Mba Essays Business Economics Solutions Mba Paper Business Economics Solutions Mba Paper ) and entrepreneurs. Economic resources are also called factors of production or inputs in the productive process As these names imply, economic resources are required to produce the outputs desired by society. Since certain outputs are desired, they command a price and so, therefore, do economic resources. This can lead to some things being economic resources in some circumstances but not in Others. Water in the middle Off lake, for example, is not an economic resource: Anyone can have it free. But the same water piped to factory site is no longer free: Its movement must be paid for by taxes or by a specific charge. It is now an economic resource because the factory owner would not pay for its delivery unless the water was to be used in the factorys production. These four types of resources are highlighted in the circular flow diagram where the type of income accruing to each type of resource is shown. Entrepreneurs are risk-takers: They coordinate the activities of the other three inputs for profit-?or loss, which is why they are called risk. Akers. Entrepreneurs sometimes manage companies that they own, but a manager who is not an winner is not necessarily an entrepreneur but may be performing some of the entrepreneurial functions for the company. Entrepreneurs are also innovators, or perhaps inventors, and profits help to motivate such activities. 2-5 (Key Question) Why is the problem of unemployment a part of the subject matter of economics? Distinguish between allocation technical and productive efficiency. Give an illustration of achieving productive, hut not allocation, efficiency. Economics deals with the limited resources-?unlimited wants problem. Unemployment represents valuable resources that could have been used to reduce more goods and services-?to meet more wants and ease the economizing problem. Allocation efficiency means that resources are being used to produce the goods and services most wanted by society. The economy is then located at the optimal point on its production possibilities curve where marginal benefit equals marginal cost for each good. Productive efficiency means the least costly production techniques are being used to produce wanted goods and services. Example: manual typewriters produced using the least-cost techniques but for Which there is no demand. 2-6 (Key Question) Here is a reduction possibilities table for war goods and civilian goods: Type of Production ID Automobiles Production Alternatives 10 12 14 16 IA 18 B I Rockets 130 127 a. Show these data graphically. Upon what specific assumptions is this production possibilities curve based? B. Fifth economy is at point C, what is the cost of one more automobile? One more rocket? Explain how this curve reflects increasing opportunity costs. C. What must the economy do to operate at some point on the production possibilities curve? A) See curve DECCA, The assumptions are full employment and productive efficiency, fixed applies of resources, and fixed technology. [epic (b)4. 5 rockets; . 33 automobiles, as determined from the table. Increasing opportunity costs are reflected in the concave-from-the-origin shape of the curve. This means the economy must give up larger and larger amounts Of rockets to get constant added amounts of automobiles-?and vice versa. (c) It must obtain full employment and productive efficiency. What is the opportunity cost of attending college? In 2000, nearly of college-educated Americans held jobs, whereas only about 40% of those who did not finish high school held jobs. How might this difference relate to opportunity costs? The opportunity cost of attending college (and of doing anything else) consists of the income forgone while attending college (and of doing anything else such as enjoying leisure) and the value of the goods that the student or the students parents sacrifice in order to pay tuition and buy books, and other items necessary tort college but not necessary otherwise. Those who are college- educated have the potential of earning more income than those who did not finish high school. The opportunity cost (sacrifice of goods and services) of not irking is much greater for those with the higher earning potential. 2-8 Suppose you arrive at a store expecting to pay $100 for an item, but learn that a store two miles away is charging SO for it. Would you drive there and buy it? How does your decision benefit you? What is the opportunity cost of your decision? Now suppose you arrive at a store expecting to pay 56000 for an item, but learn that it costs $5950 at the other store. Do you make the same decision as before? Perhaps surprisingly, you should! Explain why. Driving to the Other store to save $50 does involve some cost in terms of time and inconvenience. However, or most Of us the time it takes to drive two miles would be worth SO_ For example, if it takes about ten minutes extra time and a negligible amount of gasoline (unless your time is worth $300 an hour, or $50 per each ten-minute period), it would benefit PU to drive to the other store. While in the second case. 550 may seem like less compared to the 56000 total price, for you the $50 is still a $50 savings, exactly the same as in the first case. Therefore, you should apply the same reasoning. Is the $50 benefit from driving the extra two miles worth the cost? The conclusion should be the same in both cases. 2-9 (Key Question) Specify and explain the shapes of the marginal-benefit and marginal-cost curves and use these curves to determine the optimal allocation of resources to a particular product. It current output is such that marginal cost exceeds marginal benefit, should more or less resources be allocated to this product? Explain, The marginal benefit curve is downward sloping, MBA tails as more to a product is consumed because additional units of a good yield less satisfaction than previous units. The marginal cost curve is upward sloping, MS increases as more of a product is produced since additional units require the use of increasingly unsuitable resource. The optimal amount of a particular product occurs where MBA equals MS. If MS exceeds MBA, fewer resources should be allocated to this use. The resources are more valuable in some alternative use (as reflected in the higher MS) than in this use (as reflected in the lower ME), 2-10 (Key Question) Label point G inside the production possibilities curve you have drawn for question 6. What does it indicate? Label point H outside the curve. What does this point indicate? What must occur before the economy can attain the level of production indicated by point H? G indicated unemployment, productive inefficiency, or both. His at present unattainable. Economic growth-?through more inputs, better inputs, improved technology-?must be achieved to attain H. -11 (Key Question) Referring again to question 6, suppose improvement occurs in the technology Of producing rockets but not in the production Of automobiles. Draw the new production possibilities curve. Now assume that a technological advance occurs in producing automobiles but not in producing rockets. Draw the new production possibilities curve. Now draw a production possibilities curve that reflects technological improvement in the production of both reduces. See the graph for question 2-6. EPIC shows improved rocket technology. APPC shows improved auto technology. PEG shows improved technology in producing both products. 2-12 Explain how, if at all, each of the following affects the location tooth production possibilities curve. Standardized examination scores of high school and college students decline. B. The unemployment rate falls from 9 to 6 percent of the labor force. Defense spending is reduced to allow government to spend more on health care. D. A new technique improves the efficiency of extracting copper from ore. Assuming scores indicate lower skills, then productivity should fall and this would move the curve inward. (b) Should not affect location of curve. Production moves from inside the curve toward frontier. (c) Should not affect location of curve. Resources are allocated away from one type of government spending toward another (health care). (d) The curve should shift outward as more production is possible with existing resources. 2-13 Explain: Affluence tomorrow requires sacrifice today. This quote refers to the fact that economic growth and a rising standard of living in the future require investment today. Society can choose to consume 311 Of its income today, or it can set aside some of it for investment purposes. Productive resources that go for investment goods today, e. G. , new factories, machines, equipment, are obviously not being used for producing consumer goods. Therefore, consumption is being sacrificed today so that investment goods can be produced with some of todays resources. 2-14 Suppose that, based on a nations production possibilities curve, an economy must sacrifice 10,000 pizzas domestically to get the one additional industrial robot it desires, but can get that robot from another country in exchange for 9,000 pizzas. Relate this information to the following statement: Without international specialization and trade, a nation can reduce its opportunity cost to obtaining goods and thus get outside its production possibilities curve. The message of the production possibilities curve is that an individual nation is limited to the combinations of output indicated by its production possibilities curve, International specialization means directing domestic resources to output which a nation is highly efficient at producing. International trade involves the exchange of these goods for goods produced broad. Specialization and trade have the same effect as having more and better resources or discovering improved production techniques. The output gains from greater international specialization and trade are the equivalent of economic growth. 2-15 Contrast how a market system and a command economy try to cope with economic scarcity. A market system allows for the private ownership Of resources and coordinates economic activity through market prices. Participants act in their own self-interest and seek to maximize satisfaction or profit through their own decisions regarding consumption or reduction. Goods and services are produced and resources are supplied by whoever is willing to do so. The result is competition and Widely dispersed The command economy is characterized by public economic power. Ownership of nearly all property resources and economic decisions are made through central planning. The planning board, appointed by the government determines production goals for each enterprise. The division of output between capital and consumer goods is centrally decided based on the boards long-term priorities. 2-16 Distinguish between the resource market and product market in he circular flow model. In what way are businesses and households both sellers and buyers in this modem What are the flows in the circular flow model? The resource markets are where the owners of the resources (the households) sell their resources to the buyers of the resources (businesses). In the product markets, businesses sell the goods and services they have produced to the buyers of the goods and services, the households. Households (individuals) either own all economic resources directly or own them indirectly through their ownership of business corporations. These households are willing to sell their sources to businesses because attractive prices draw them into specific resource markets. Businesses buy resources because they are necessary for producing goods and services. The interaction of the buyers and sellers establishes the price of each resource. In the product market, businesses are the sellers and householders are the buyers; their role in the market has been reversed. Each group of economic units both buys and sells. One flow is the flow Of real goods and services (including resource services) and the Other flow is the flow of money (money income, consumption expenditures, revenue, production costs). -17 (Last Word) Which two of the six reasons listed in the Last Word do you think are the most important in explaining the rise in participation of women in the workplace? Explain your reasoning. A poll taken in a class of 60 college freshman gave the first three reasons (womens rising wage rates, expanded job accessibility, and changing preferences and attitudes) nearly all the votes, Each of these explanations received about one third of the votes. Surprisingly, not a single student voted for declining birth rates as a reason for the rise in the number of women in the workforce. The consensus of he class was that the last three explanations (declining birth rates, rising divorce rates, and stagnating male earnings) were the effects, rather than the cause of more women joining the workforce. Because wage rates are higher the opportunity cost of raising children has risen. Women have chosen to bear fewer children, because they are now relatively more expensive. Similarly, women who have a higher earning capacity find the opportunity cost of getting a divorce reduced. Finally, male earnings may have stagnated partially because of the entrance of large numbers of well-educated women into the workforce, increasing the competition for the available jobs. Individual Markets: Demand and Supply 3-1 Explain the law of demand. Why does a demand curve slope downward? What are the determinants of demand? What happens to the demand curve when each of these determinants changes? Distinguish benzene a change in demand and a change in the quantity demanded, noting the cause(s) of each. As prices change because of a change in supply for a commodity, buyers will change the quantity they demand of that item. Fifth price drops, a larger quantity Will be demanded, If the price rises, a lesser quantity will be demanded, The demand curve slopes downward because tooth substitution and income effects, When the price of a commodity decreases relative to that of substitutes, a buyer will substitute the now cheaper commodity for those whose prices have not changed. At the same time, the decreased price of the commodity under discussion will make the buyer wealthier in real terms. More can be bought of this commodity (as well as of others whose prices have not changed), Thus, the substitution and income effects reinforce each other: More will be bought of a normal (or superior) commodity as its price decreases. On a graph with price on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal, this is shown as a demand curve sloping downward from left to right. The fundamental determinant Of demand is the price of the commodity under consideration: a change in price causes movement along the commoditys demand curve. This movement is called a change in quantity demanded. Decreased price leads to movement down the demand curve: There is an increase in quantity demanded. Increased price leads to movement up the demand curve: There is a decrease in quantity demanded. In addition, there are determinants of demand, which are factors hat may shift the demand curve, i. E. , cause a change in demand. These are the number of buyers, the tastes (or desire) of the buyers for the commodity, the income of the buyers, the changes in price of related commodities (substitutes and complements), and expectations of the buyers regarding the future price of the commodity under discussion. The following will lead to increased demand: more buyers, greater desire for the commodity, higher incomes (assuming a normal good), lower incomes (assuming an inferior good), an increased price to substitutes, a decreased price to complements, and an expectation of higher future prices, This increased demand will show as a shift of the entire demand curve to the right. The reverse of all the above will lead to decreased demand and will show as a shift of the entire demand curve to the left. 3-2 (Key Question) What effect will each of the following have on the demand for product B? . Product B becomes more fashionable. B. The price of substitute product C falls. C. Income declines and product B is an inferior good d. Consumers anticipate the price of B will be lower in the near future. The price of complementary product D falls. F. Foreign tariff barriers on 8 are eliminated. Demand increases in and (O, decreases in (b) and (d). 3-3 Explain the following news dispatch from Hull, England: The fish market here slumped today to What local commentators called a disastrous level-?all because Of a shortage of potatoes. The potatoes are one of the main ingredients in a dish that figures on almost every cafe menu-?fish and chips [French fries]. The shortage of potatoes either meant they were not available in the required quantities at any price (i. E. , that the quantity demanded greatly exceeded the quantity supplied at the market price, for that is how a shortage is defined) or hat there was an exceptional scarcity of potatoes so that their price was far above normal. In any event, the restaurants could not get enough potatoes at what they considered profitable prices. Fish and chips are complements. The sharp increase in the price of potatoes (because of decreased supply) has led to a decreased demand tort fish and to a subsequent drop in its price to a disastrous level. 3-explain the law of supply. Why does the supply curve slope upward? What are the determinants of supply? What happens to the supply curve when each of these determinants changes? Distinguish between a change n supply and a change in the quantity supplied, noting the cause(s) of each. As prices rise because of increased demand for a commodity, producers find it more and more profitable to increase the quantity they offer for sale; that is, the supply curve Vial slope upward from left to right. Clearly, firms would rather sell at a higher price than at a lower price. Moreover, it is necessary for firms to demand a higher price as they increase production. This comes about because as they produce more and more, they start to run up against capacity constraints and costs rise. At any given time, a plant has a given size. As production increases, the firm will need to add an extra shift and then a third shift, both perhaps at higher wages. It may run out Of warehouse space and have to rent at higher cost from another firm. It may have to pay extra to get increasingly urgent raw material, and so on. The fundamental determinant of supply is the price of the commodity. As price increases, the quantity supplied increases. An increase in price causes a movement up a given supply curve. A decrease in price causes a movement down a given supply curve. The non-price determinants of supply are: resource (input) prices, technology, taxes and besides, prices of other related goods, expectations, and the number of sellers, It one or more of these change, there will be a change in supply and the whole supply curve will shift to the right or the left, The following will cause an increase in supply: a decrease in resource (input) prices; improved (lower cost) technology; a decrease in business taxes, an increase in subsidies to business; a decrease in the price of another commodity that this firm was making, provided that commodity is a substitute in production (the firm can switch from the now lower priced one to our commodity): an expectation of lower prices in the future; ND an increase in the number of sellers. The increase in supply caused by the noted change in one or more of the above will cause the entire supply curve to shift to the right More will now be supplied at any given price Alternatively expressed, any given amount will now be supplied at a lower price. Reverse of any or all the above changes in the determinants of demand will cause a decrease in demand and will be shown as a shift of the supply curve to the left. Less will now be supplied at any given price. Alternatively expressed, any given amount will now be supplied at a higher price. 3-5 (Key Question) What effect Will each Of the following have on the supply Of product B? A. A technological advance in the methods of producing B. B. A decline in the number of firms in industry B. C. An increase in the price of resources required in the production of B. The expectation that the equilibrium price of B will be lower in the future than it is currently. E. A decline in the price of product A, a good whose production requires substantially the same techniques as does the production of B. F. The levying of a specific sales tax upon B. G. The granting off 50-cent per unit subsidy for each unit of B produced. Supply increases in (a), (d), (e), and (g); decreases in (b), (c), and (f). 3-6Len the corn market, demand often exceeds supply and supply sometimes exceeds demand. *The price of corn rises and falls in response to changes in supply and demand. In which of these two statements are the terms supply and demand used correctly? Explain, In the first statement supply and demand are used incorrectly. Supply and demand are both schedules or curves that intersect where quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal. One cannot talk of curves that intersect as exceeding or not exceeding each other. Supply and/ or demand can change (the entire curses can shift). Each time this happens, it will create a new intersection of the two curves that will lead to changes in the equilibrium quantity and price Of corn _ Thus, the terms supply and demand are used correctly in the second statement. 3-7 (Key Question) Suppose the total demand for Wheat and the total supply Of Wheat per month in the Kansas City grain market are as follows: Thousands 1 price loaf bushels demanded 177 1 160 per bushel 1400 14,90 Thousand Supplied I Surplus (+) I shortage (-) $3. 40 180 13. 70 14. 60 14. 30 a. What will be the market or equilibrium price? What is the equilibrium quantity? Sing the surplus-shortage column, explain why your answers are correct. B. Graph the demand for wheat and the supply of wheat. Be sure to label the axes of your graph correctly. Label equilibrium price P and the equilibrium quantity Q. c. Why will $3. 40 not be the equilibrium price in this market? Why not SC go? Surpluses drive prices up; shortages drive them down, d. Now suppose that the government establishes a ceiling price Do you agree? Of, say, $3. 70 for avatar_ Explain carefully the effects of this ceiling price. Demonstrate your answer graphically. What might prompt the government to establish a ceiling price? Data from top to bottom: -13; -7; O; *7; +14; and +21 _ Epic] (a) Pee = $4. 00; 75,000. Equilibrium occurs where there is neither a shortage nor surplus of wheat. At the immediately lower price of $3. 70, there is a shortage Of 7,000 bushels. At the immediately higher price Of $4. 30, there is a surplus of 7,000 bushels. (See Graph top of next page. (b) Quantity (thousands) of bushels. (c) Because at $3. 40 there will be a 13,000 bushel shortage which will drive price up. Because at $4. 0 there will be a 21 ,000 bushel surplus which will drive the price down. Quotation is incorrect; just the opposite is true. D) A $3. 70 ceiling causes a persistent shortage. This product may be a necessity and the government is concerned that some consumers might not being able to afford it. -8 (Key Question) How will each to the following changes in demand and/or supply affect equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in a competitive market; that is do price and quantity rise, fall, remain unchanged, or are the answers indeterminate, depending on the magnitudes of the shifts in supply and demand? You should rely on a supply and demand diagram to verify answers. A. Supply decreases and demand remains constant. B. Demand decreases and supply remains constant. C. Supply increases and demand is constant. D. Demand increases and supply increases. E. Demand increases and supply is constant. F. Supply increases and demand decreases. G. Demand increases and supply decreases. H. Demand decreases and supply decreases. A) Price up; quantity down; (b) Price down; quantity down; (c) Price down; quantity up; (d) Price indeterminate; quantity up; (e) Price up; quantity up; (f) Price down; quantity indeterminate; g) Price up, quantity indeterminate; (h) Price indeterminate and quantity down. 3-tries are the automatic regulator that tends to keep production and consumption in line with each other, Explain When demand increases, prices rise. This induces producers to increase the quantity supplied as they move up their supply curves toward the new (higher) equilibrium point. The same happens in reverse when demand decreases. When supply increases, prices drop. This induces buyers to increase the quantity demanded as they move down their demand curves toward the new (lower) equilibrium point. The name happens in reverse when supply decreases. In each case, it is the change in price caused by the change in demand or supply that brings about the change in quantity supplied (in the case of a change in demand) and a change in quantity demanded (in the case of a change in supply). Thus, price is the automatic regulator that keeps production and consumption in line faith each other. 3-10 Explain: Even though parking meters may yield little or no net revenue, they should nevertheless be retained because Of the rationing function they perform. Even parking meters that charge, say, 25 cents an hour do reform a useful parking-spot-rationing function: When the hour is up, the car owner must either move the car or rush out to feed the meter to avoid getting a ticket.

Ohms Law - Voltage and Current relationship

Ohm's Law - Voltage and Current relationship Ohms Law is a key rule for analyzing electrical circuits, describing the relationship between three key physical quantities: voltage, current, and resistance. It represents that the current is proportional to the voltage across two points, with the constant of proportionality being the resistance. Using Ohms Law The relationship defined by Ohms law is generally expressed in three equivalent forms: I VÂ  /Â  RR V / IV IR with these variables defined across a conductor between two points in the following way: I represents the electrical current, in units of amperes. V represents the voltage measured across the conductor in volts, and R represents the resistance of the conductor in ohms. One way to think of this conceptually is that as a current, I, flows across a resistor (or even across a non-perfect conductor, which has some resistance), R, then the current is losing energy. The energy before it crosses the conductor is therefore going to be higher than the energy after it crosses the conductor, and this difference in electrical is represented in the voltage difference, V, across the conductor. The voltage difference and current between two points can be measured, which means that resistance itself is a derived quantity that cannot be directly measured experimentally. However, when we insert some element into a circuit that has a known resistance value, then you are able to use that resistance along with a measured voltage or current to identify the other unknown quantity. History of Ohms Law German physicist and mathematician Georg Simon Ohm (March 16, 1789 - July 6, 1854 C.E.) conducted research in electricity in 1826 and 1827, publishing the results that came to be known as Ohms Law in 1827. He was able to measure the current with a galvanometer, and tried a couple of different set-ups to establish his voltage difference. The first was a voltaic pile, similar to the original batteries created in 1800 by Alessandro Volta. In looking for a more stable voltage source, he later switched to thermocouples, which create a voltage difference based to a temperature difference. What he actually directly measured was that the current was proportional to the temperature difference between the two electrical junctures, but since the voltage difference was directly related to the temperature, this means that the current was proportional to the voltage difference. In simple terms, if you doubled the temperature difference, you doubled the voltage and also doubled the current. (Assuming, of course, that your thermocouple doesnt melt or something. There are practical limits where this would break down.) Ohm wasnt actually the first to have investigated this sort of relationship, despite publishing first. Previous work by British scientist Henry Cavendish (October 10, 1731 - February 24, 1810 C.E.) in the 1780s had resulted in him making comments in his journals that seemed to indicate the same relationship. Without this being published or otherwise communicated to other scientists of his day, Cavendishs results werent known, leaving the opening for Ohm to make the discovery. Thats why this article isnt entitled Cavendishs Law. These results were later published in 1879 by James Clerk Maxwell, but by that point the credit was already established for Ohm. Other Forms of Ohms Law Another way of representing Ohms Law was developed by Gustav Kirchhoff (of Kirchoffs Laws fame), and takes the form of: J ÏÆ'E where these variables stand for: J represents the current density (or electrical current per unit area of cross section) of the material. This is a vector quantity representing a value in a vector field, meaning it contains both a magnitude and a direction.sigma represents the conductivity of the material, which is dependent upon the physical properties of the individual material. The conductivity is the reciprocal of the resistivity of the material. E represents the electric field at that location. It is also a vector field. The original formulation of Ohms Law is basically an idealized model, which doesnt take into account the individual physical variations within the wires or the electric field moving through it. For most basic circuit applications, this simplification is perfectly fine, but when going into more detail, or working with more precise circuitry elements, it may be important to consider how the current relationship is different within different parts of the material, and thats where this more general version of the equation comes into play.

Assignment argumentative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment argumentative - Essay Example White leaders had made a stand against the tactics used by Martin Luther King to solve racial segregation in America. The latter were against direction action taken by Dr. King and they instead recommended use of legal processes to solve racism. However, in Dr. King’s letter, he found the white leader’s tactics insufficient and tried to justify his use of direct action. The main argument in Letter from Birmingham was that injustice has both direct and indirect effects on the public, and direct action was needed. Dr. King’s letter was aimed at challenging the injustices done on the minority blacks in America. However, it was viewed as agitation funded by outsiders to destabilize the country through demonstrations. The clergymen whom Dr. King addressed were also against racism, but they feared to stand up against city government. They hence opted for other methods to counter segregation other than staging demonstrations and public events. In an earlier statement, t he clergymen said Dr. King’s timing was poor and he needed to wait for a right time to create awareness on racism. Dr. King replied to the clergymen in his letter citing that waiting for long would mean that racial segregation would never come to an end. This showed the latter’s focus and determination to bring an end to racism. Unlike most traditional activists who were silenced by imprisonment, Dr. King continued enlightening the public using the open letter. While in prison, Martin Luther King noticed the strong opposition of his use of direct action to mobilize and educate people on racism and social injustices. Letter from Birmingham Jail was to prove that grassroots action against racism was not as radical as the government and some clergymen perceived it to be. In the letter, he explained that his people did not demonstrate because they wanted to create trouble, but because it was necessary at the time. The tone used in the letter is persuasive and Dr. King achi eves this by using various writing techniques. He used ethos to show the credibility of his information and refute the accusations that he only wanted to create chaos. Ethos is a style used in writing to ensure the readers have trust in any information presented by an author. In the first line of the letter, Dr. King addresses his critics honorably as â€Å"Fellow Clergymen.† This gives the reader an open mind while reading through the rest of the letter through the connection created. This makes both his supporters and opposition know that he understands and respects their stand in the fight against racial segregation. The use of ethos in the text is seen in various paragraphs where he tries to prove his point. He is aware that the letter targets a religious audience and hence makes constant reference to the bible and Christian history. To show his respect for religion and the country’s clergymen, he said â€Å"I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference† (King). The statement was directed to people who thought he was not appropriate to head the movement against racial segregation. He proved that he understood civil rights and hence he is fit to speak on the subject. Dr. King again uses ethos as he concludes the letter when he states that he writes from a jail cell. The statement is aimed at showing the reader that the latter had made sacrifices too for the topic he was addressing. It creates a sense of trust in the reader

Paraphrase the paragraphs in the document Essay

Paraphrase the paragraphs in the document - Essay Example n the Chinese stock market, there are basically five classes of stocks: the ordinary domestic stock (A shares), foreign shares (includes B, h and N shares), legal entity shares (C shares), government shares and employee shares. Of all the five groups of shares in the Chinese stock market, the A shares have attracted the interest of most researchers. The A shares are listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange as well as the Shenzhen Securities Exchange. The quotation of the A shares in both financial markets is done in the Chinese renminbi Yuan and only individuals who live in the country can buy the shares. Further, the Chinese stock market differs from its counterparts in developed nations on the basis of regulations and restrictions. In the Chinese stock market, the process of offering IPOs is characterised by strict regulations and restrictions than those in developed nations. The China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) sets the rules for the Chinese stock market and ensures all the dealings are conducted in accordance with the set rules. Besides determining the newly issued shares’ annual quota, the CSRC is also responsible for setting the method of determining the offering price for new shares. The CSRC is charged with the responsibility of determining the allotment of quota to different areas and provinces via specific criteria, thus providing the number as well as cumulative value of IPOs awaiting listing on the stock market. The CSRC determines the fixed offering price (online) by multiplying the company’s earnings per share by preset price earning ratio (P/ E ratio). As a result, the Chinese IPOs receive little or no feedback because of the inflexibility of the method used for setting the offer price, which makes it difficult to respond to market changes (Su & Fleisher 1999). Critically assessing the features of the Chinese stock market, it is apparent that there are many factors interplaying to yield the Chinese IPO underpricing. The factors

The Care Programme Approach And Its Impact Social Work Essay

The Care Programme Approach And Its Impact Social Work Essay This essay will outline and analyse the Care Programme Approach (CPA), a social policy which was introduced in England in 1991. it will critically analyse and evaluate how and why this policy (CPA) was introduced. In doing so, it will attempt to explore the social problems with which the policy was concerned, its ideological origins, its aims and its nature. Finally, this essay will assess the effects of the implementation of the CPA based on issues of access and outcome. What is social policy? According to one website Ive consulted: The name social policy is used to apply to the policies which governments use for welfare and social protection; to the ways in which welfare is developed in a society, and to the academic study of the subject. In the first sense, social policy is particularly concerned with social services and the welfare state. In the second, broader sense, it stands for a range of issues extending far beyond the actions of government the means by which welfare is promoted, and the social and economic conditions which shape the development of welfare. http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/socpolf.htm Social problems with which the policy (CPA) was concerned There are several social problems with which the CPA was concerned and some of them are: The 1984 murder of social worker Isabel Schwarz by a former mental health client as cited by Sharkey (2000) prompted a government inquiry that was led by Sir Roy Griffiths in 1988. His report Community Care: Agenda for Action was the forerunner to the National Health Service and Community Care Act of 1990 (NHSCCA) which sets out the foundation for present day Care Programme Approach in England. The care programme approach was also instigated by the Christopher Clunis unmet needs as noted by the Ritchie Report in 1999. The report criticised the demeaning failures of the health and social services to work together in relation to the needs of people with mental health problems and to protect the public. The emergence of advocates groups such as MIND, the Mental Health Foundation and Informal Carers pressure group in the 1980s were also major social factors that led to the development of the CPA (Mor ris (1993). Those groups raise fundamental civil liberty issues surrounding the legal rights of people returned back into the community from psychiatric hospital and the need for appropriate services. Another major concern according to Means and Smith (1998: p48) was the official report on Ely Hospital, Cardiff, which confirmed staff cruelty to patients at this mental handicap hospital. They argued that The level of media publicity generated by these incidents became so high that a policy response became inevitable (ibid). CPAs ideological origins There are several factors that affected the development and establishment of the Care Programme Approach (CPA). However, the key factors that influence the implementation of the CPA are: political, economic and social. From the earliest stages of the Poor Laws through to the present day social security system, political factors have influenced welfare provision. Like most other policies, the CPA emerge as a result of the conservatism New Right ideology of minimum state intervention, privatisation, the idea of justice and the emergence of global market forces. The conservative government lead by Margaret Thatcher from 1979 through to the 1990s believed, politically, in reducing the power of the local authority and local government with the notion that care in the community must increasingly mean care by the community (Lavalette and Pratt 1998: 237). Mrs Thatcher expressed the view that the sacrifices which the family and voluntary organizations have played in community care from the V ictorian era to present day should not be seen as second best or degrading. Her philosophy was built on the importance of mixed economy, choice and given power back to the users of services. Mrs Thatcher was politically concerned with the political structures of the local labour government and the need to give more power to the market forces (private sector) to energize the economy. The care programme approach policy was also partly motivated by economic factors. The New Political Right regards the free market as the best way forward for organising society. They believed that a competitive market and a mixed economy of welfare is vital in encouraging competition which inspires innovation and efficiency which will inevitable provide better and cheaper services than a nationalised and bureaucratised services. This was a move away from the accepted orthodoxy of the Keynesian economics which sees government intervention in the provision of social care as necessary for the stability of the economy. The mixed economy is therefore seen by the New Right as not only promoting equality and choice but also cost effective. Many believed that the political underlying principle of giving service users choice would cover up the huge spending on the uncoordinated health and social care budget. As a result, both health and social care services were forced to introduce financial and management systems in relation to the purchase of care. For example, social workers became care managers and the purchasers rather than the providers of care. Regarding social ideology concept, the major social ideology was that, people with mental health problems, were expected to be integrated back into the community with clear and structured care plans. The fatal attacks by dangerous mentally ill people such as Christopher Cluniss who was misdiagnosed and prematurely discharged then ended up killing an innocent person, were major social factors which affected the development of the CPA. The case of Clunis raised significant social issues of the risk and danger posed by people with mental health problems, especially those not receiving proper care. The case also raises major trans-cultural social issues in relation to the significant number of black men placed on supervision register. The aim of the policy The Care Programme Approach was introduced in order to provide a clear framework for the care of people with mental health problems outside hospital (Means and Smith1998: p156), which Thompson et al (2000:573) said this include: Systemic multidisciplinary assessment, planning, monitoring, and reviewing a care plan, the inclusion of users and carers in the formulation and delivering of care and identification of a lead person or key worker and that, all of this is undertaken within a framework that is flexible and responsive to the clients changing needs (ibid). Nature of the CPA According to Thompson et al (2000) the CPA was introduced in 1991 and is intended to be the cornerstone of the governments mental health policy. This process applies to all people that are experiencing severe mental health problems who are clients of mental health services, whether on an informal or formal basis. The policy outlined four stages which should be applied to all clients in all cases. The First stage is, to carry out an assessment based on the circumstances of the client, including any support needed by carers. Secondly, to negotiate the care package in agreement with the client, carers and relevant agencies that are designed to meet the identify need within available resources. The third stage is to implement and monitor the agreed package by the appointment of a key worker now known as care co-ordinator. The care co-ordinator is responsible for the assessment and planning process. He or she could be a mental health nurse, social worker or occupational therapist. The las t stage is, to review the outcomes of the care plan and if necessary undertake revision of services provided. The policy is based on person-centred approach and one that has been important for health and social care to develop integrated policies and procedures around models of assessment, diagnostic evaluation, integrated working relationships around care plans and monitoring people in care and community by means of integrated budgets. Whereas, practice under previous systems were not person-centred instead, they involved offering people limited number of inflexible choices which were more or less organised to meet requirements of service providers rather than the service users and their carers. With mental health placed in psychiatrist hospitals or prisons these residents are controlled and manipulated by those in charge. The effects of the CPA The policy helped services maintain contact with service users, stressed the need for service users involvement in decision making; ensures that there is coordination and communication between all the professionals that are involved in the assessment and delivery of the patients care needs, but failed to provide comprehensive co-ordinated care. This lead to several criticism been made about the policy for example, it has been criticised that working together often leads to role insecurity and role ambiguity, thus creating a major hindrance to working together. The policy has also been criticised for mostly being used for inpatients instead of people in the community. This was referenced by Sharkey (2000) as an important point citing the Christopher Clunis case due to the failure to offer culturally sensitive services to meet his needs and citing the example of Lavallette and Pratt (1998: 104) in which they commented that mental health policies and practice based upon white European, middle-class norms of behaviour can result in a system which does not understand that people from other cultural backgrounds may express symptoms of mental health or ill health in different ways. This is useful in enabling the understanding of how Christopher Clunis was failed by all the professionals who saw him. For example, Sharkey (2000: p83) refer to the Ritchie Report that A GP whom Clunis had visited had struck him off his list because he was abusive and threatening. The Mental Health Foundation carried out a recent studies which aim was for respondents to talk openly about their mental health issues in relation to employment. They sent out about 3,000 questionnaire and those who replied , 86% were white UK, 3% Black African Caribbean, 2% Black Asian and 4% were other European white including Irish. What the findings has shown is that ethnic minority are uncomfortable to talk about their mental health problems for fear of discrimination and oppression. They also highlighted 85% of those with long term severe mental health problems are unemployed. These can contribute to the stress and anxiety experienced by users, carers, friends and families. For example, living with someone with serious ongoing mental health problems can cause increased strain, worries and distress together with loss of friends and social contracts (example intimate relationships), social isolation (due to stigma attached) and difficulties in coping with particular symptoms. At the same time, the protection of the public from the risk of harm is of paramount importance because patients discharged without adequate supervision or the provision necessary to meet their housing, social and health needs would increase risk to themselves and members of the public as evident in the case of Christopher Clunis. The CPA has also been criticised as a policy that it is largely dominated by medical module of treatment and social issues are neglected by practitioners and this has been highlighted by Thompson (2009) that spirituality is very important component of a persons well-being and despite this concern, peoples spiritual needs are often seen to be neglected during treatment or in developing and managing care plans for day-to-day activities. In some cases, as noted by rethink.org, a charity campaigning for mental health awareness, spirituality is even seen as a manifestation of the individuals psychosis or delusions by some members of society. Even though the polic y was introduced so that people with severe mental health problems could be assessed and assigned a care coordinator so they dont present a risk to themselves or the public, there have been some problems with users of services slipping through the net and ending up either homeless or causing ham to themselves or others (sometimes even committing fatal attacks). For example, Taylor (2010) wrote on the Metro Newspaper about a man with mental health problem who hadnt been offered treatment on several attempts ended up killing a pregnant woman. Conclusion Even though this policy has helped people with severe mental health issues to be integrated well into the community and live supported or independent lives, some people with mental health problems are still seen by the policy makers as a burden and stigmatised as a threat to the community. They are routinely being denied the human rights of freedom of movement, family life, and equal access to paid jobs and adequate financial support which may then lead to homelessness and readmission in institutional care.